Finally, an adaptation of ‘Wuthering Heights’ that’s every bit as disturbing to movie audiences as the book must have been for the readers of its time.
On a flight recently, I watched the most unsettling adaptation of Wuthering Heights, directed by Andrea Arnold. I’ve seen, a long time ago, the much-revered William Wyler version with Laurence Olivier as Heathcliff and Merle Oberon as Cathy. I remember being struck, at the time, by Olivier’s performance when his great love dies. He looks away from her bedside and does this constriction with his face that suggests that he allowed his feelings to rise to the surface and then instantly suppressed them – this bottled-up emotion is what will drive this character’s actions through the rest of the story had it been narrated in its entirety. Wyler’s film ends, as Arnold’s does, with Cathy’s death, presumably because the plight of the next generation cannot possibly compete with the tumult that’s preceded it – but that’s the only similarity (other than the source, of course). Wyler’s film presents the story as an immaculately mounted Hollywood drama, while Arnold shoots her scenes with a handheld camera, like a photographer clicking away in the midst of guerrilla warfare.
Arnold’s film suggests that there could be no better (and indeed no other) manner of capturing the passions in this story. Jane Austen’s novels, for instance, cry out for the immaculately-mounted-Hollywood-drama treatment (though even in that universe, Joe Wright made a version of Pride and Prejudice that resonated with the squelch of mud), whereas the books of the Brontë sisters, animated by animalistic streaks, seem to come alive better when freed not just from the cinematic concerns of classical framing and lighting but also the commercial implications of how best to make a movie that everyone will watch. The very nature of these books posits that they cannot be made into popular movies, pleasuring all audiences. These stories work only when the film versions feature, as Arnold’s does, a scene of a young Cathy running her tongue over the whiplash welts on Heathcliff’s back. That warm and wet mouth is the only imaginable poultice under these circumstances.
Dil Diya Dard Liya, the Hindi adaptation of Wuthering Heights with Dilip Kumar and Waheeda Rehman, is a textbook-ready example of how not to approach a classic. If you haven’t read the book, this is, of course, just another romantic melodrama about lovers kept apart due to their stations in life, but to those familiar with the source, the film is a desecration of everything in the text. When you strip away the extremes of savagery on the page – the savage nature of the romance between Heathcliff and Cathy; the savagery of their surroundings; the physical and psychological savageries inflicted on Heathcliff – all you’re left with is a boilerplate love story between a girl of means and household servant. The Hindi film audience of the time must have wondered what was so interesting about this subject that the makers were attracted to it. The story needed Andrea Arnold, but even she couldn’t have really brought it to life in the Hindi-film climate of the time.
As for Wyler, even if he’d possessed Arnold’s temperament, her madness, he couldn’t have made an adaptation that fully brought alive Brontë’s book, for – again – he plied his trade under a repressive Hollywood climate. It appears that only in this age, freed of every imaginable restriction, can certain works of literature be adapted the way they were meant to be. Andrea Arnold’s Wuthering Heights has swearing and nudity (all the more startling because it is not featured in a conventional sexual context but in a more private moment), and its biggest surprise – something unimaginable in an earlier era – is that Heathcliff is played by a black actor. This casting erects yet another barrier between the lovers – they’re not just from different social strata, but also ethnic backgrounds. And in those times, a “coloured boy” would have been considered a savage, which dovetails beautifully with Brontë’s conception of her male protagonist.
When novels are converted to cinema, one section of the audience expects fidelity – they want to see on film the images they saw inside their heads when they read the book. Others, fewer in number, look forward to how a story that exists in one medium finds its feet in another. In their eyes, the novel is already complete. The film can only add or subtract, and the more filmic these additions and subtractions the more interesting the adaptation becomes. The new Wuthering Heights will annoy the former category of audience and thrill the latter. What’s important, to me, isn’t faithfulness but the vision the filmmaker brings to bear on the material – which is why I am now seeking out Luis Buñuel’s adaptation, made in 1954 (during his Mexican period) and released as Abismos de Pasión. The abyss of passion. As the New York Times reviewer noted, “The Spanish title seems much more appropriate than the Brontë original.”
Lights, Camera, Conversation… is a weekly dose of cud-chewing over what Satyajit Ray called Our Films Their Films. An edited version of this piece can be found here.
Copyright ©2012 The Hindu. This article may not be reproduced in its entirety without permission. A link to this URL, instead, would be appreciated.
rameshram
August 3, 2012
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wuthering_Heights_adaptations
My pick is Jacques rivette’s Hurlevent
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Ramsu
August 3, 2012
I mentioned this in a comment on the FB link to this article: I’d love to see what someone like Selvaraghavan would make of Wuthering Heights. It’s the sort of script he might have come up with himself.
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soniajoseph
August 3, 2012
I totally have to watch this. I was wondering when a movie would actually “get” into the flesh of that book. And extra points for an actor of colour playing Heathcliff. Like you said, it meshes with the original perfectly. Cathy and Heathcliff were extraordinarily colourful and intense characters in a landscape of primness and social satire. In fact I would go so far as to call Heathcliff the original “bad boy”, the man who destroys a woman with the mere act of loving her. As far as Indian movies go, I thought “Paruthi Veeran” came quite close to depicting a similiar dynamic between two lovers, though the context is quite different. Thoughts?
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rameshram
August 3, 2012
I think Gautam vasudev menon can make a good heatchliff film with a mofussil college type that feels a chip from the city types.
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Utkal Mohanty
August 4, 2012
Even for its times Dil Diya Dard Liya was abysmally bad. And I say this even as Diip Kumar happens to be my favourite Hindi film actor. A film like Amar brought out the dark element so well. I am sure Diiip could have dine something with role, in his melodramatic way. only if the thought of using a dark palette had crossed the director’s mind.
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Shankar
August 4, 2012
Total recall = Total bekaar!! I’d really like to forget this film as quickly as possible 🙂
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rameshram
August 4, 2012
7 more days to The Campaign! who’s lining up on thursday midnight with me?!
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brangan
August 9, 2012
soniajoseph: You’re right. “Paruthi Veeran” (review here) does come close. Though that film did away with the class difference, and also the wounded/sensitive aspect of Heathcliff. Really liked the film when it came out. Must watch it again and see how it holds up.
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soniajoseph
August 9, 2012
@brangan: Wounded and sensitive raw masculinity is difficult to come by in Indian cinema. I thought that Mohanlal’s roles in “Kireedom” and”Devaasuram” were brilliant, but here again the context is different. And though in the former he is evicted from his privileged class and in the latter revealed to be an imposter (orphaned in a sense), it is still not Heathcliff who is I think the product of a very English imagination. I think Heathcliff was an embodiment of the xenophobia, class isolation and emotional repression of the England of those times. He always seemed to be a very historically and regionally specific character to me: I find it very difficult to imagine him separated from those vast, unforgiving moors. An Indian Heathcliffe would definitely need a class and caste angle introduced to approximate the same situation. Even then it would be a very Indian situation.
And I agree the cuteness in the “Paruthi Veeran” romance track was a bit jarring. However, I found myself strangely immune to the violence. It might have to do with the fact that in Kerala people seem to have a tendancy to hack each other with sickles and sometimes even hack teachers in front of their 7 year old students. On reflection, I must admit, the violence was really overboard too. I guess I should watch the movie again too.
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